Why Zone of Proximal Development is Important in Education
by Kasira Pengpudpong
The Zone of Proximal Development is the sweet spot of education; this is where meaningfullearning happens. If you are an educator, you are bound to come across Vygotsky’s ZPD andSocial Development Theory. A theory that is based on performance-based learning,individualized learning, and customized learning.
What Is the Zone of Proximal Development?
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), or zone of potential development is a learning orcognitive development theory developed by psychologist Lev Vygotsky. The ZPD is the range ofabilities a student can perform with the guidance of an expert or teacher, but still not have theproficiency to perform it by themselves. Vygotsky (1978) believed that “what the child [orlearner] is able to do in collaboration today, he will be able to do independently tomorrow.” Thereare three separate stages a student may fall in terms of their skill set and for learning to takeplace, the teacher must be able to understand and identify the student’s ZPD stage. These threestages are:
Tasks a Learner Can Accomplish without Assistance
This is the Zone of Achieved Development (ZAD). At this stage the student can independentlycomplete tasks or have mastered the skills to do it. In most cases the student does not requireany assistance from the teacher. When a student is at this stage, the teacher should assign morechallenging or difficult tasks to encourage further learning. The difficulty can be increased inincrements until they have reached the student’s ZPD.
Tasks a Learner Can Accomplish with Assistance
This is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). When students have not quite mastered a skillset to complete the assigned task and they still require guidance, they are considered to be in thezone of proximal development. At this stage teachers may implement various methods ortechniques to help the student better understand the concepts and skills required to completethe given tasks independently. This simply means that the teacher gradually offers less supportuntil the student has mastered the skills to complete a task.
Task a Learner Cannot Accomplish with Assistance
Tasks that are outside of the learner's ZPD are those that can’t be completed by the studentseven with guided support from a teacher. If this occurs the teacher should consider decreasingthe difficulty level or assign tasks that are appropriate to their proficiency level.
How does the ZPD relate to scaffolding?
Vygotsky referred to the teaching methods used to help a child learn a new skill as “scaffolding.”It is a practical system or framework of support provide by the teacher to assist them in reachingthe next level of learning and cultivating student independency and interdependency in thelearning process. These can be applied in most academic subject like math, science, andlanguages.
So, what does this actually mean? Well, take a preschooler for example. Most can count from 1 to10 that would be the Zone of Achieved Development (ZAD). This is what they have mastered andcan do independently without any guidance. However, they are still unable to effectively countfrom 11 to 20, but with limited explanation and guided support from the teacher they would beable to do this independently in no time. This would be the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD),or the “sweet spot”. Let them count from twenty to ninety or even higher would be beyond theirZPD and they would be frustrated and even discouraged to learn. Giving them too much supportcounting 1 to 10 would be working below the ZPD which is counter-productive, and they wouldbecome bored. So, scaffolding is the support during the ZPD learning process but is removed orno support is given once they have mastered that skill. This means, to properly scaffold astudent, you must come to their level and then build from there. To effectively implement ascaffold is to set a task slightly higher than their proficiency level and provide support until theyhave mastered it. See it as teaching your child how to ride a bike, you will support them and runalong holding them up, but once you see they can balance, pedal and steer on their own, you letgo.
In addition, it is important to recognize that the ZPD is individualized and to effectively providescaffolding you must know the proficiency level of that student or find their baseline knowledgeby doing pre-assessments to determine what they already know. This is a key point in targetingthe ZPD for students in your class and if no pre-assessment is done the instruction or lessonswill be either below the ZPD which will not make the lessons challenging enough and help themlearn new skills and knowledge, or it might be above the ZPD, and students might not learnanything and become disengaged because it is not meaningful to them as students. Pre-assessments will also identify if the learning objective of the lesson plans are achievable andhelps you plan meaningful instructions. There are three ways to pre-assess your students:
1. Give the test first
The is the most effective way to determine how much they know. By giving them the unit test,midterm, or final exam at the beginning of the course will help identify their baseline, how muchtime should be spent on each topic and what adjustments should be made to your formative andsummative assessments.
2. Anticipation guide
This will help identify confusion related to student’s conceptual understanding of the topic orsubject. This can involve a simple quiz where students are asked to agree or disagree with aseries of statements related to the topic. It can also serve as a great tool to compare start-of-unitthinking to end-of-unit-thinking.
3. KWL Table
A KWL table, or chart, is a graphical organizer designed to help in learning. The letters KWL arean acronym, for what students, already know (K), want to know (W), and ultimately learn (L).
How to Use a KWL TableK - Know
Under the first column, students share what they already know about (or associate with) thetopic at hand.
W - Want to know
The teacher discusses with the students what they want to learn or know about this topic.Students write down specific questions they have about the topic and in the event, they havelittle or no understanding of the topic or don’t know what to ask then the teachers will provideprompting questions to help them brainstorm by adding “Who, What, When, Where, Why, How”to the top of the column.
L - Learned
At the end of the lesson, students are asked if they found out the answer to any of their questionsin the W column. Students can share anything they found interesting or surprising and identifyany misconceptions they might have had from Column 1. Students record a summary of whatthey learned in the L column.
Gradual Release Framework ‘I Do, We Do, You Do'
Instructional scaffolding supports student learning and growth by shifting cognitive engagementfrom the teacher to the student (Fisher & Frey, 2007) through the gradual release framework. Asthe teacher delivers new content to the student, they must be aware of each student's locationwithin the ZPD.
‘I do’
The ‘I do’ stage is where the teacher implements 90 per cent of the work or instructional processand 10 per cent is student engagement. This engagement can include signaling, pairing, andsharing with a peer, writing a response, showing a written response via a whiteboard, or activelyparticipating in a cooperative learning activity. The responses should be mandatory so thatteachers can see or measure the students’ level of understanding.
‘We do’
At this second stage, the level of responsibility begins to shift for both student and teacher.Students own 40 per cent of the learning responsibility but the role of the teacher balancesleading instruction with a more facilitative and indirect formative assessment of the newlearning. The teacher regularly moves around the classroom observing and checking in onindividuals and small groups as students demonstrate their learning.
‘You do’
Once the teacher has determined that the students are ready for the next stage they will move onto the final stage of the framework. Here, students are responsible for 90 per cent of their ownlearning and mastery of the content. At this stage, the students are comfortable with the contentand can easily progress through learning activities assigned, participate in small and large groupdiscussions with little assistance by the teacher, can generate new questions and discussions,and apply the newly learned content. Teachers fully facilitate the learning, listen in onconversations, and formatively assess the progress of each student. Skillful educators encouragestudents to debate, agree, disagree, and contribute alternative answers or solutions of the topicbeing discussed. As a result, students engage in critical thinking and most of the learning is doneindependently.
The gradual release framework facilitates the concept of independent learners throughpersonalized learning and scaffolding around the ZPD. If implemented correctly in the learningprocess it can help students understand the importance of becoming independent learners andso students will exhibit qualities like establishing personal learning goals, initiate action plansto achieve learning outcomes, lead conversations and make connections to content andcommunity, and be able to monitor personal academic goals.
Teachers can support independent students by facilitating the learning process rather thandirecting it. Creating a learning environment that fosters goal setting and collaboration in theZPD promotes students to become autonomous learners (Vygotsky, 1978). As a result, studentslearn the most when they're in their ‘zone’ and will experience greater self-efficacy throughownership of their learning experiences.
The zone of proximal development is an important concept in the fields of both education andpsychology. Educators can be better prepared to creating lessons that will maximize the toolsand resources available to students if the understand how the ZPD works.
#AjarnMieder #Vygotsky #ZPD #ZAD #Scaffolding #KWL #GradualReleaseFramework#ZoneOfProximalDevelopment



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